Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD)

Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD)

FOOT-AND-MOUTH  DISEASE  (FMD, APHTHOUS  FEVER)

Synopsis

• Etiology

Foot-and-mouth disease virus, an aphthovirus

• Epidemiology

Affects  ruminants  and pigs.  Highly contagious, usually  low mortality  but  great economic impact worldwide

• Pathogenesis

Inha lation/ingestion----> oropharyngeal  infection----> viremia----> epidermal  cells-----> signs  and  lesions enhanced by mechanical  trauma

• Clinical signs

Fever,  profuse  salivation, vesicles in mouth  and feet, sudden  death
in young animals

• Clinical pathology/diagnostic confirmation

Virus  isolation,  serology and  RT-PCR detection. Typing confirmed  in a  reference  laboratory

• Lesions

Vesicular, erosive/ulcerative stomatitis and esophagitis, vesicular/ulcerative dermatitis (feet and teats) and in neonates, interstitial mononuclear and necrotic myocarditis

• Differential  diagnostic list 

1. Vesicular stomatitis 
2. Vesicular exanthema 
3. Swine vesicular disease 
4. Rinderpest 
5. Bovine viral  diarrhea 

• Treatment.

None except symptomatically. 

• Control

Mass vaccination with  killed vaccines  in  endemic areas, eradication by slaughter when  feasible, and strict quarantine during outbreaks

Read full in book:

VETERINARY MEDICINE

A textbook of the diseases of cattle, horses, sheep, pigs and goats 

TENTH  EDITION 

O. M.  Radostits 

C.C.Gay 

K. W.  Hinchcliff 

P. D. Constable 

With  contributions by

S. H.  Done 

D.  E.  Jacobs 

B.  O.  Ikede 

R.  A.  McKenzie 

D.  Colwell 

G. Osweiler 

R.  J.  Bildfell 

Page # 1223

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Care of Parrot

You don't have to be a veterinarian to be able to take care of an injured bird on your own. Of course, anything major is beyond your control but you can do some first aid before hand. It can save the bird's life.

1. Heat

Temperature is important with parrots. At least 85 degrees are needed to keep these birds warm. If they are warm enough, they will use their metabolic energy and their resources to keep their body temperature to at least 104 degrees.

This is the reason why, you need to increase the temperature if you have a sick bird in your hand. You will be able to save a lot of their energy when the temperature is close to what their body needs. This will allow them to conserve most of their energy to fighting the illness.

2. Humidity
Humidity is vital when you are dealing with an illness that is caused by a respiratory problem. If it is just a wound or a physical energy, humidity is not that essential. This is because humidity allows the parrot to breathe easily as it eases the passage of air. Respiratory problems in parrots are often seen through the odd noises that they make when they breathe. Their breathing will be wheezy and raspy. There will be significant movement in the tail when they have problems in breathing.

Another sign is when they hold their beaks open to breathing. If you have it in your house, use a vaporizer or a humidifier to help keep the humidity stable. If you don't have this, you can improvise and take the parrot inside a bathroom. Turn the hot water faucet on. This will help keep the room humid.

3. Water or liquids
Like humans, parrots need water or liquid to keep them going. High temperature such as fever and problems in the body can drain the body of its fluids. To give water to parrots, you can use a spoon or syringe. Your finger can even be used. Do not use just water. Grape or apple juice are good choices. So is a bottled water with honey on it.

4. Taking it easy and rest
Rest is what everybody needs to help the parrot regain its strength back. An injured or ill parrot may be placed in a dark room where he cannot do much of anything but sleep and rest. Noise will jar them awake while the lure of toys and colorful and shiny stuff will only tempt them to move around.


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Veterinary Medicine

Veterinary medicine has become a very booming career opportunity in this modern era. Though, the relationship between the man and animal is quite old but with the passage of time, it has strengthened a lot. Veterinary medicine is one such occupation that primarily focuses at the wellbeing of the animals- both wild and domestic.

Veterinary doctors are supposed to be the specialized physicians meant for animals. Animal used to be tamed for domestic uses in the olden times and now there are different breeds of pets that are to be kept and owned. The bond is strengthening with every passing day and this is the reason, more and more branches of science and medicine are getting being tilted towards the better being of the animals especially those which are being kept as animals. Veterinary medicine basically focuses on knowing and then getting yourself educated and trained to cure the animals of their different diseases, illnesses and injuries.

An injured horse being secured to "The Simplicity Equine" portable operating table in its vertically oriented position during World War I

It is a very vast field that encompasses different genres of animal medicine. There are so many subjects and genres where veterinary medicine offers specialization. Ranging from animal physiology, biochemistry, nutrition, micro biology, pharmacology to therapeutic and diagnostic procedures; there are numerous fields in which specialization can be obtained depending upon the aptitude for specific subject. Other than this, veterinary medicine offers specialization in specific animals like you can become a vet specialized to diagnose, cure and treat dog illnesses, diseases and injuries. You can become a veterinarian specializing in specific animal or you can opt for certain sects of animals like live stock specialization, wild animal diagnosis etc. it all depends what is your aptitude.

There are numerous well reputed institutes that offer veterinary medicine specialization. There are certain prerequisites to enter in such an institute. There are many veterinary schools as well where different types of courses and specializations are being offered in the field of animal physiology and the related subjects. Obviously, in order to become a specialized animal physician, you are supposed to gain the degree in this very subject along with the required training sessions. Online help can be opted in this regard to know about the entrance to all such schools and institutions. As far as the training is concerned, for this the student can become an assistant to an already established veterinarian.

Veterinary medicine is not only a booming career opportunity rather it serves as a medium to take great care of our pets or wild ones as well. Research done in this field can lead us to know a lot more about these animals and new discoveries can be made for their wellbeing and their good health.

LEO'S PET CARE is a full-service veterinary medical facilities like vet clinic and animal hospital Indianapolis. LEO'S PET CARE seeks to provide the best possible medical care for their patients.

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